Solid

Maximum attraction force in the states of matter is Solid because the molecules in a solid are closely packed together and contain the least amount of kinetic energy. For example: rock, table, sugar cube, etc.

• Fluid: In a fluid, particles are less tightly packed as compared to solids. That is why there is less force of attraction than solids. For example: Milk, blood, coffee, etc.
• Gas: In gases, particles have a large space between them. That is why, force of attraction between the particles is negligible, and they can move freely. For example: oxygen, carbon-dioxide, nitrogen, etc.
• Plasma: Plasma is an ionized gas which has equal numbers of positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. A spark in a gas creates plasma. For example: The Sun is an example of plasma.

There is no attraction force between particles of matter.

There is no attraction force between particles of matter is false because matter have intermolecular forces of attraction. Solids have maximum force of attraction.

Characteristics of matter:

1. Matter is made up of tiny particles.
2. Particles of matter attract each other.
3. The particles are continuously moving.
4. The particles of matter have inter molecular space between them.

They are configured in a systematic manner

Solids have a fixed shape and boundaries and fixed volumes, that is why, it has less compressibility. Solids have a property to maintain their shape; it means it does not change their shape when we apply force on it. That is why they are configured in a systematic manner.

Characteristics of Solid:

1. Solids have fixed shape and fixed volume.
2. Solids have high density.
3. Solids are negligibly compressed.
4. Particles in solids have the utmost force of attraction between them.
5. Solids have negligible intermolecular space between particles.

2

There are 5 states of matter determined by scientists so far:

Solids, Liquids, Gases, Plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate.

Solids: Solids have fixed shape and fixed volume. Solids have high density. Solids are negligibly compressed. Particles have maximum force of attraction. Solids have the least intermolecular space between particles.

Liquids:In liquid, particles are less tightly packed as compared to solids. That is why there is less force of attraction than solids. They take the shape in which container it is placed. For example: Milk, blood, coffee, etc. There are weak forces of attraction between them.

Gases: In gases, particles have a large space between them. That is why, force of attraction between the particles is negligible in gases and they can move freely. It can be highly compressed. For example: oxygen, carbon-dioxide, nitrogen, etc.

Plasma: Plasma is an ionised gas. It has equal numbers of positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons. A spark in a gas creates plasma. For example: plasma in the form of stars glows.

Bose-Einstein condensate: Bose-Einstein condensate exceptional state of matter. The group of particles going in the same direction at the same speed. This happens in the Bose-Einstein Condensate. These particles are known as Bosons.

Gases

Diffusion can occur due to the random motion of atoms that are activated by thermal energy.

Diffusion occurs in extreme intensity in the gases than diffusion in solids and liquids. Example: smell of food, smell of perfume, incense stick which can spread quickly in the room.

• Diffusion in solids: is slow and rare because the particles are rigid and do not move much. For example: chalk on a blackboard.
• Diffusion in liquids: Diffusion occurs in liquids quickly faster than solids because there is small intermolecular space between them but slower than gases. That is why the particles in liquids move freely. For example: if we add blue ink to water, the colour will spread evenly throughout the water.
• Diffusion in plasma occurs through passive diffusion or facilitated diffusion.
• Passive diffusion: Molecules dissolve simply in the phospholipid bilayer, and then dissolve in the aqueous solution on the other side of the membrane.
• Facilitated diffusion: Molecules diffuse in the plasma membrane with the help of membrane proteins, such as channels and carriers.

Solid

If ammonia is a gas, then camphor is a solid:

Ammonia: Ammonia is a gas which is colourless gas with a pungent smell which dissolves in water. Its chemical formula is NH3.

Camphor: A waxy, transparent, flammable solid with a strong aroma. It’s chemical formula C10H16O.

Camphor can undergo sublimation, which is the process of a solid changing directly into a gas without becoming a liquid first.

Camphor can be mixed with a gaseous solvent, like nitrogen gas, to form a gaseous solution.

The particles of matter are in steady state.

The particles of matter are continuously moving, and not stable; they all have some kinetic energy so they move constantly.

Characteristics of matter:

1. Matter is made up of tiny particles.
2. Particles of matter attract each other.
3. The particles are continuously moving.
4. The particles of matter have inter molecular space between them.

Methane

Pure substance is defined as which consists of only one type of atom. It has a fixed and definite structure. It has a uniform composition.

Methane is a pure substance.

1. A sugar solution is a homogeneous mixture. Its chemical formula is C12H22O11. It comprises carbon, hydrogen and oxygen molecules. That is why it is not a pure substance.
2. Milk is made up of multiple substances, including water, fat, protein, sugar, vitamins and calcium. It can split into two or more substances. That is why it is not a pure substance.
3. Air is made up of many different gases, including nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. That is why air is not a pure substance.

Only B is true.

Only B is true

Compressibility is the ability to reduce substance in volume or size under pressure. In which the particles of matter come close together. For example:

• Rigidity is the quality of being stuff, fixed, or resistant to change.
• Rigidity is the property of a solid to resist changes in shape when an outside force is applied.
• Solids are rigid because their particles are tightly packed and strongly attracted to each other.

Both homogeneous and heterogeneous

Mixture is material which consists of two or more pure substances(elements or compounds) which are not chemically combined but are physically mixed in any proportion. For example: ghee, oil, air, etc.

Types of mixtures: homogeneous and heterogeneous.

Homogeneous mixtutre:

• The composition of the mixture is uniform throughout. For example, sugar solution, lemon water, etc.
• The components of a homogeneous mixture are not visible to naked eye or even under a microscope.

Heterogeneous mixture:

• A mixture is said to be heterogeneous if all the components of the mixture are not thoroughly mixed and there are visible boundaries of separation between them.
• There are visible boundaries of separation between the components of a heterogeneous mixture.

Solid solution

Alloy is an example of a solid solution as it is a mixture of two or more metals or a metal and a non-metal. Example : steel, brass, bronze, etc.

• Colloidal solution: The particles of a colloid are uniformly mixed throughout the solution. Due to the relatively smaller size of particles as compared to that of suspension, the mixture appears to be homogeneous.but actually a colloidal solution is a heterogeneous mixture. example : blood, paints, perfume, etc.
• Emulsion: an emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are usually unmixable, but are combined without dissolving into a single solution. In an emulsion, one liquid is dispersed in the other, and the dispersed and continuous phases can be different types of liquids. Example : oil in water, water in oil, mayonnaise, etc.
• Variety mix: variety mix is a heterogeneous mixture, which is a mixture with a non- uniform composition. For example: soil and sand.

Milk

Milk is a heterogeneous mixture because it contains different elements that are not mixed uniformly. Milk is made up of fat globules and proteins suspended in water. When milk is poured into a glass, the fat globules rise to the top, it is showing the elements are not uniformly mixed.

• Brass : Brass is a homogeneous mixture. It’s made up of copper and zinc.It has a uniform composition throughout. it’s made by melting copper and zinc together.
• Sugar solution in water: It is a homogeneous mixture, the sugar is mixed uniformly in the water.
• Air: Air is made up of several gases, including nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, and water vapour. The composition of these gases is uniform.

Water

Water is a compound comprises of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. It components can be separate either by chemical or electrochemical reactions.

• Wind: It is a mixture of air, which is a mixture of gases: nitrogen, oxygen, methane, and nitrous oxide. The gases retain their properties in air, and air can be separated into its components through fractional distillation.
• Alloy: It is a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals and a non-metal in a solid phase. Example : steel, brass, bronze, etc. Alloys can be stronger or harder than the pure elements they are made from.
• Milk: Milk is a mixture because it contains different elements that are not mixed uniformly. Milk is made up of fat globules and proteins suspended in water. When milk is poured into a glass. The fat globules rise to the top, it is showing the elements are not uniformly mixed.

Colloid

Colloidal solution: The particles of a colloid are uniformly mixed throughout the solution. Due to the relatively smaller size of particles as compared to that of suspension, the mixture appears to be homogeneous.but actually a colloidal solution is a heterogeneous mixture. example : blood, paints, perfume, etc.

Physical states of matter are: solid,liquid and gas

Solids: Solids have fixed shape and fixed volume. Solids have high density. Solids are negligibly compressed. Particles have maximum force of attraction. Solids have least intermolecular space between particles.

Liquids:In liquid, particles are less tightly packed as compared to solids. That is why, there is less force of attraction than solids. They take the shape in which container it is placed. For example: Milk, blood, coffee, etc. There are weak forces of attraction between them.

Gases: In gases, particles have a large space between them. That is why, force of attraction between the particles is negligible in gases and they can move freely. It can be highly compressed. For example: oxygen, carbon-dioxide, nitrogen, etc.

Mixture of both elements and compounds

Air is a homogeneous mixture of number of gases.

Mixture is material which consists of two or more pure substances(elements or compounds) which are not chemically combined but are physically mixed in any proportion. For example: ghee, oil, air, etc.

Types of mixtures: homogeneous and heterogeneous.

Air is nothing but a general name for the mixture of gases like Nitrogen(78%), mixed with Oxygen(21%), water vapour, Argon, Carbon dioxide, dust. Therefore, air is a mixture of elements and compounds.

Elements: An element is defined as the simplest form or the basic form of a pure substances which cannot be broken into simpler substances by chemical method. For example: iron

Compounds: A compound is defined as a pure substances made up of two or more elements chemically combined together in a proportion by mass. For example: CO2

Suspension

A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solid particles are spread throughout the liquid without MIXING in it.

Properties of suspension:

1. The size of solute particles in a suspension is somewhat large.
2. The particles of a suspension can be seen easily by naked eye.
3. The particles of a suspension do not pass through by filtration.
4. The suspension is unstable. The particles of a suspension settle down at the bottom.
5. A suspension scatters a beam of light passing through it because of its large particle size.

1. Unsaturated solution: An unsaturated solution is a solution where the amount of solute dissolved is less than the saturation point of the solvent at a given temperature. In other words, the solution can dissolve more solute. For example: a glass of water with ice cubes, a cup of coffee with milk and sugar, etc.
2. Colloid: The particles of a colloid are uniformly mixed throughout the solution. Due to the relatively smaller size of particles as compared to that of suspension, the mixture appears to be homogeneous.but actually a colloidal solution is a heterogeneous mixture. example : blood, paints, perfume, etc.
3. Saturated solution: A solution which contains the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a given quantity of the solvent at the given temperature and which cannot dissolve any more solute at that temperature is called saturated solution. For example sugar in water.

Its structure is fixed

Mixture’s structure is not fixed- a mixture’s composition is variable it means the proportions of its constituents can vary. For example: the proportion of salt and water in a salt water solution can vary.

A mixture is a material which consists of two or more pure substances (elements or compounds) which are not chemically combined but are physically mixed in any proportion.

Properties of mixtures:

1. Mixture is obtained when two or more elements or compounds just mix together without involving the formation of new compound.
2. It can be easily separated by physical methods such as filtration.
3. A mixture does not have a fixed melting and boiling point.
4. The composition of mixture is variable.
5. A mixture may be homogeneous or heterogeneous.

Immiscible

Immiscible liquids are liquids that do not mix with each other. For example: oil and water are immiscible liquids, and when mixed, they separate into two layers.

• Solvent: A substance in which solute is dissolved in it known as a solvent. A solvent is a substance that presents in large amount in a solution. For example: water and ethanol.
• Solute: A solute is a substance that dissolves in a solvent to make a solution. For example: in salt solution, salt is the solute.
• Decantation: Decantation is the process of separation of liquid from solid and immiscible liquids, by removing the liquid layer at the top from the layer of solid or liquid below. The process can be carried out by the tilting the mixture after pouring out the top layer.

Dissolved substance

Sugar is a dissolved substance in a sugar solution. Sugar is a solute because it dissolves in water to form a sugar solution.

A solute is a substance that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution, and is present in a lesser amount. In a sugar water solution, sugar is the solute and water is solvent.

• Solvent: A substance that can dissolve a given solute and form a solution with it is known as a solvent. A solvent is a substance that presents in large amount in a solution. For example: water and ethanol.
• Colloid: A solution in which a material is evenly suspended in a liquid. A colloid is a mixture in which one substance of dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance. For example: gelatin, muddy water, butter, coloured glass.
• Suspension: A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solid particles are spread throughout the liquid without dissolving in it.

Lead

Lead is not a compound because it is a pure element, made up of only lead atoms.

Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb. It is a heavy, soft, malleable metal with a low melting point.

A compound is formed when two or more elements are combined.

• Chalk: Chalk is a soft, white, porous sedimentary rock made up of the mineral Calcite, which is also known as calcium carbonate(CaCO3). It is a compound of made up of elements calcium, carbon and oxygen.
• Hydrogen sulphide: Hydrogen sulphide is a compound with a formula H2S. It is a colourless, flammable, and toxic gas with a foul odour of rotten eggs. It is corrosive and can damage organs if inhaled or ingested in large amounts.
• Sulphur dioxide: sulphur dioxide is a compound with the formula SO2. It is a colourless gas with a pungent smell similar to the odour of burnt matches. It is released by volcanic activity and also produced by the burning of sulphur bearing fossil fuel and as a by-product of copper extraction. It is toxic to humans if inhaled in large amounts.

Heterogeneous mixture

A mixture of sand and sugar is an example of Heterogeneous mixture because the composition of the mixture is not uniform throughout, and the different components are visibly separate.

• Heterogeneous mixture: A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture where the substances remain separate and are spread throughout each other as small particles, droplets, or bubbles. For example: muddy river water, salt and gravel, etc.
• Colloid solution: A solution in which a material is evenly suspended in a liquid. A colloid is a mixture in which one substance of dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance. For example: gelatin, muddy water, butter, coloured glass.
• Homogeneous mixture: A homogeneous mixture is a mixture where the components are evenly distributed throughout, and the composition is the same throughout. For example: coffee, salt water, and air, etc.
• Suspension: A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solid particles are spread throughout the liquid without dissolving in it. For example: mixture of flour and water.