Fungi

• Mycology is the branch of biology which deals with the study of fungi.
• Those who study fungi are called mycologists.
• They search into various aspects of these organisms including their taxonomy , genetics , biochemical properties and their interaction with other organisms.
• Fungi play an important role in ecosystems , forming symbiotic relationships with plants.

• Protozoology is the branch which deals with single celled eukaryotic organisms i.e. Protozoa.
• Palaeontology deals with study of ancient life forms preserved in rocks i,e. Fossils.
• Saurology or herpetology deals with the study of reptiles or lizard

Entomology

• Entomology is the branch of science which deals with the study of insects .
• The term entomology originates from entomon meaning insect and logy meaning study.
• This encloses insects biology , behaviour , ecology , classification and interactions with other organisms and environment.

• Mycology deals with the study of fungi.
• Ethology deals with the study of animal behaviour .
• Ornithology deals with study of avian biology means behaviour , ecology of birds

dreams

• Oneirology deals with the study of dreams.
• It is a captivating field that bridges our nocturnal experiences with our understanding of brain function.
• Oneirologist investigates questions like why we dream , how dreams are influenced by our experiences.
• It studies various aspects of dreaming such as their content , patterns and functions.

• Entomology deals with the study of insects.
• Zoology is the study of animals.
• Anthology deals with the study of flowers.

older adults

• Gerontology is the scientific study of older adults.
• It encompasses various physical aspects of ageing , mental and social.
• It deals with the physiological aspect to understand how ageing bodies change in older years.

• Gerontology primarily centres around human ageing.
• It extends beyond gender specific consideration , including both men and women.

Karyology

Karyology Is the study of nucleus.

• Karyology Is the study of nucleus.

bacteria

• Cytology deals with the study of tiny cells which are the building blocks of Living Organism.
• Cytology plays an important role in diagnosing diseases.
• Robert hooke recognised as the father of cytology, involved studying Corks cell which laid the foundation for the field of cytology.

• Bacteriology deals with the study of bacteria.
• Mycology is the study of fungus.
• Botany is the scientific study of plants.

cells

• Cytology is the branch of Biology which deals with the study of cells.
• it encompasses their structure function behaviour and interaction

• Study of the brain is called neurology.
• Haematology is the branch of Biology that deals with blood and its component
• Trichology deals with hair.

Ethology

• The scientific and objective study of animal behaviour is called ethology
• Those who study animal behaviour of animals are called ethologists.
• They observe analyse animals action communication and behaviour

• Ecology is the branch of science which deals with the interaction between the organism and their environment.
• Entomology specifically deals with the study of insects.
• Euthenics deals with improving the well being of humans through environmental modification.

rearing of silkworms

• Sericulture is related to the rearing of silkworms.
• It deals with the production of silk.
• It helps in understanding of the entire process from nurturing silkworm larvae, allowing them to spin Silk cocoon and harvesting those cocoons to obtain raw Silk fibres.

• Jute Cultivation deals with the production of jute.
• Pomology deals with fruit cultivation .
• Apicultures deals with the rearing of honey bees.

the history of life on earth as based on fossils

Paleontology is the discipline which deals with the study of the history of life on earth as based on fossils.

Ethology →Study of human behaviour (Humans)

Pedology  →   Study of all aspects of soils (formation type)

Osteology-      Study of the structure of bones

Entomology-   Study of insects

Bionics-   Study of mechanical systems that function like living organisms or part of living organisms

Gerontology-   Study of aging and older adults in human

Bionomy-      Branch of science concerned with the law of life

Anthology-    Study of flowers

Oncology-     Deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer

Includes the study of ancient organism their evolution and the changes in ecosystem.

Ichthyology

• The scientific study of fishes is known as ichthyology.
• It focuses on understanding the behaviour classification and ecology of fish species.

• Pedology- Study of soil
• Ophiology- Study of snakes

Pomology

The study or cultivation of food crops is known as pomology.

It helps in understanding fruit trees, their growth disease and fruit production.

Father of Pomology is Charles Dowing who was an American Pomologist.

Olericulture

• Olericulture is the branch of science which deals with vegetable growing , focussing on the cultivation of non woody plants for food.
• It focuses on the production of plants specifically for their edible parts.
• It encloses various aspects like growing , storing , processing and selling vegetables.
• It covers herbaceous plants .

• Herbiculture is specially related to cultivation of herbs.
• Pisciculture is the cultivation of fish.
• Sericulture refers to the rearing of silkworm for silk production

olericulture

• Olericulture is the branch of science which deals with vegetable growing , focussing on the cultivation of non woody plants for food.
• It focuses on the production of plants specifically for their edible parts.
• It encloses various aspects like growing , storing , processing and selling vegetables.
• It covers herbaceous plants .

• Pomology is the branch of science which deals with fruit and nut crops.
• Apiculture refers to beekeeping which deals with honey production, pollination and other bee related products.
• Agronomy deals with the study of crop management

Museology

• Preservation of historical articles is done in science of Museology
• Museology is the study of museums and museum curation.
• Museologists work to safeguard artefacts, documents, and cultural heritage within museum collections.

• Iconography is the study of visual images and symbols.It focuses on interpreting and understanding the meaning behind artistic representations, religious symbols, and cultural motifs.
• Numismatics is the study of coins and currencies.
• Epigraphy is the study of inscriptions and epigraphs.Epigraphists analyze inscriptions found on stone, metal, or other durable materials.

Palaeontology

Palaeontology is the discipline which deals with the study of the history of life on earth as based on fossils.

Palaeontology is the discipline which deals with the study of the history of life on earth as based on fossils.

Includes the study of ancient organisms, their evolution and the changes in ecosystems.

Taxonomy

Taxonomy - Study of classification of organisms

• Serpentology - Study of snakes
• Virology - Study of viruses
• Physiology - Study of function and at the level of cells, tissues, organ system

Mycology

• Mycology is the branch of biology which deals with the study of fungi.
• Those who study fungi are called mycologists.
• They search into various aspects of these organisms including their taxonomy , genetics , biochemical properties and their interaction with other organisms.
• Fungi play an important role in ecosystems , forming symbiotic relationships with plants.

• Neurology deals with the study of brain.
• cytology deals with a study of cell

Energy

Joule is the SI unit of the all kind of energy and work.

The work done in displacing an object by a distance of one meter in the direction of the force by applying a force of one newton on an object is called one joule.

The unit is named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule.

i-d, ii-c, iii-b, iv-a

The correct matching are given below-

Column-A Column-B

Electric current Ampere

Potential Difference Volt

Capacitance Farad

Inductance Henry

Capacitance Farad

Inductance Henry

Ostrade

The unit of magnetic intensity in CGS system is ostrade while the unit of magnetic intensity in S.I. System is Tesla or waber/meter.

Luminance

Luminance is a unit of photometric quantity, which is used to measure the multiplicity of light intensity. The measurement of light seen by the human eye is called photometry. The S.I. unit of luminane is candela/square meter (cd/m²).

Gas

• In Gaseous state of matter, kinetic energy of molecules becomes more than force of attraction between them, due to which they lie apart and become in free motion
• In gases, Particles are well separated with no regular arrangement.
• Gases have neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume and will expand to fill any container.
• Particles can move quickly in all directions.
• Diffusion occurs rapidly.
• Have neither a definite shape nor volume, with particles that are far apart and move freely.

Iron

• Iron is not a compound. It is an element.
• Elements are those substances that cannot be broken down further, into a simpler substance.
• Each element is made up of only one kind of atom.
• For example, iron is an element which is made up of only iron atoms.
• Carbon monoxide, sodium chloride, and water are compounds.

Converting water into steam

• Converting water into steam is not a chemical change.
• Chemical changes are those changes in which composition of a given substance changes by breakdown of chemical bonds and forming a new substance.
• In converting water to steam , there is transformation in their state but their composition remains the same .
• It is a physical change.

Rolling a roti from dough and backing it on a tawa

Rolling a roti from dough and backing it on a tawa is a chemical change. And it can’t be reversed.

Chemical change are those:

• Which involves a change in the chemical properties of a substance.
• In which chemical reaction occurs, resulting in the formation of new products.
• changes are typically irreversible, such as the rusting of iron.
• Energy is either absorbed or released during the process.

Burning of wood

Burning of wood is a chemical change in which the chemical composition of a given substance changes.

John Dalton

• According to Dalton's atomic theory each chemical element is made from a unique type of atom and those atoms become different according to their atomic mass.
• Chemical substances combined with each other in consistent units of weight.
• Based on this observation, he proposed that each chemical element is composed of a single, unique type of particle.

John Dalton

• The Law of Multiple Proportion was proposed by John Dalton in 1804.
• It states that, "When two elements combine together to form more than one compound, then different masses of elements which separately combine with a fixed mass of other elements are in simple ratio".

Compounds

• According to Dalton's atomic theory atoms are combined in a certain small whole number ratio to produce compounds.
• The Law of Multiple Proportion was proposed by John Dalton in 1804.
• It states that, "When two elements combine together to form more than one compound, then different masses of elements which separately combine with a fixed mass of other elements are in simple ratio".

John Dalton

• John Dalton is considered as the 'Father of Modern Atomic Theory'.
• He explained the atomic theory.
• He raised the two laws : law of conservation of mass and law of definite proportions.

John Dalton

• John Dalton proposed that all matter were composed of atoms, that are indivisible and indestructible building blocks.
• According to Dalton atomic theory:Each element is made up of the smallest particle call atom.
• Atoms of different elements also have different properties.
• Atoms are inseparable.

Saponification Value

• The saponification value is used to determine the molecular weight of fatty acids.
• The saponification value measures the amount of potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to saponify (convert into soap) a specific quantity of fat or oil.
• It provides information about the average molecular weight of the fatty acids present in the sample.

2.5% H, 39% S, 58.5% O

1

• The atomic mass of hydrogen is 1.
• It is the lightest element,
• It is the first element of the periodic table.

63 u

Mass of Hydrogen (H) = lu

Mass of Nitrogen (N) = 14u

Mass of Oxygen (0) = 16u

Molecular mass of HNO3 = (1x1)+(1×14)+(16×3)

=1+14+48

=63u

Molecule

• Molecule can be defined as the smallest particle of an element that is capable of an independent existence.
• It consists of two or more atoms chemically bonded together.
• Molecules exhibit all the properties of the substance they form.
• For example , a water molecule (H₂O) consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom bonded together.

1837

Mass of a hydrogen atom is 1837 times the mass of an electron.

Water

• Water is a polar molecule.
• A polar molecule has an uneven distribution of electron density, resulting in regions of partial negative charge (δ-) and partial positive charge (δ+).
• Water is a polar molecule because of its bent molecular geometry and the electronegativity difference between oxygen (O) and hydrogen (H) atoms
• Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, pulling electrons toward itself.

22.4

One mole of an ideal gas occupies a volume of 22. 4 litre at 237 k temperature and 1 atm pressure.

Avogadro's Law

• Avogadro's Law states that equal volume of all gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules.
• The Avogadro number are the number of atoms present in 1 gm atom or 1 mole of an element is 6.023×1023

64

Atomic mass of oxygen = 16

No. of moles of oxygen gas = 2

Weight of oxygen molecule = =32

No. of moles = Amount of substance (in grams)Molecular weight

2= Amount of substance32

Mass in grams= 64 g

108 grams

Mass of 4 moles of Aluminium atom = 27x4 = 108 [mass number of Al = 27]

27 x 4 = 108 grams.

2

Number of moles = Amount of substance (in grams)Molecular mass of substance

No. of moles = 3618 = 2 mole

[molecular mass of water(H2O) is= 2x1+16= 18 grams]

So, 2 moles are present in 36 grams of water.

22.4

One mole of an ideal gas occupies a volume of 22. 4 litre at 273 K and 1 atm pressure.

Boren, Silicon, Antimony

Elements which have the properties of both metals and nonmetals are called metalloids.

Example - Boron, Arsenic.

There are 7 metalloids in the periodic table:

1. silicon (SI)
2. Boron (B)
3. Tellurium (Te)
4. Antimony (SB),
5. Germanium (Ge)
6. Arsenic (As)
7. Astatine (At).

Silicon

Elements which have the properties of both metals and nonmetals are called metalloids.

Example - Boron, Arsenic.

There are 7 metalloids in the periodic table:

1. silicon (SI)
2. Boron (B)
3. Tellurium (Te)
4. Antimony (SB),
5. Germanium (Ge)
6. Arsenic (As)
7. Astatine (At).

Nitrogen

• Nonmetals can exist in all three physical states: solid, liquid, and gas at room temperature.
• They are generally not lustrous; poor conductors of heat and electricity, have lower densities compared to metals.
• Nonmetals are not elastic, can form negative ions by gaining electrons and typically form acidic or neutral oxides.
• Nonmetals are neither malleable (cannot be beaten into thin sheets) nor ductile (cannot be drawn into wires).
• E.g. C, N, O, P, S, Se

Looks dull

There are some physical properties of Metals:

• High density: Metals typically have a high density.
• Malleability: Metals can be hammered into thin sheets without breaking.
• Ductility: Metals can be drawn into wires.
• Electrical conductivity: Metals are good conductors of electricity, with exceptions like lead.
• Thermal conductivity: Metals efficiently conduct heat.
• Lustrous appearance: Metals have a shiny surface when polished.
• Solid state: Most metals are solid at room temperature, except mercury, which is liquid

Colloid is a heterogeneous mixture having large particle size

• colloid mixture having large particle size.
• Colloid is a mixture in which finely divided particles, which are approximately 1 to 100 nm in size which cannot be seen by the naked eye,are dispersed within a continuous medium in a manner that prevents them from being filtered easily or settled rapidly.
• A colloidal solution is a heterogeneous system consisting of the dispersed
• phase and the dispersion medium.
• Dispersed phase or the dispersion medium can be a solid, or liquid or gas.

All of these

Gondwana Land consisted of landmasses that now correspond to:

• Africa
• South America
• India
• Antarctica
• Australia
• Madagascar

Laurentia consisted of landmasses that now correspond to:

• Modern North America
• Parts of Greenland
• Parts of Scotland and Ireland

Additional information:

• Continental drift theory, given by Alfred Wegener (a German meteorologist) ,in 1912, deals with the distribution of the continents and oceans on the Earth’s surface.
• According to this theory, all of the continents were earlier a part of the supercontinent called Pangaea. Around 300- 250 million years ago (in the Paleozoic Era), all the land of Earth was joined together in Pangaea, which was surrounded by the massive ocean Panthalassa.
• The northern and southern components of Pangaea were formed by Laurasia and Gondwanaland respectively.
• Around 237- 200 million years ago (in the Mesozoic Era), Pangaea began to split and broke into Laurentia (Laurasia) to the north and Gondwanaland to the south.
• The Tethys Sea separated Laurentia and Gondwanaland.
• Gondwanaland and Laurasia then proceeded to split into the several smaller continents that are still in existence today.

Energy

Work is a measure of displacement of an object or a point. It is represented by W. The SI unit of work is joule.

Energy is the ability to do work. It is a physical quantity. Heat , light , motion are the different forms of energy. It can neither be created nor destroyed.The SI unit of energy is also joule.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION :

Force : Force is push or pull on an object. Force is an external agent which changes the body in state of rest or motion.The SI unit of force is newton. It is represented by F.

F = ma , where m is the mass and a is the acceleration

Pressure : Pressure is the force per unit area. The SI unit of pressure is Pascal.

It is represented by P.

P = F/A

Where F is the force and A is the area.

Power : Power is the rate of doing work. It is the amount of energy converted per unit time. The SI unit of power is watt. It is represented by P.

P = W/t

Where W is the work done and t is the time taken.

i-d, ii-c, iii-b, iv-a

Electric current : The rate of flow of charge through any cross section of a wire is called electric current. It is represented by I. The SI unit of electric current is Ampere(A). It is a scalar quantity.

I = q/t

It has two types : direct current and alternating current

Potential difference : Potential difference is the difference in the amount of energy that charge carriers have between two points in a circuit. The SI unit of potential difference is volt. It is represented by V,

V = IR

Where I is the current and R is the resistance.

Capacitance : Capacitance is the capability of a material object or device to store electric charge. Capacitance is measured between two components. Its SI unit is Farad. It is represented by C.

C = q/V

Where q is the charge and V is the voltage.

Inductance : Inductance is the tendency of an electrical conductor to oppose a change in the electric current flowing through it. Magnitude is dependent on electric current. Its SI unit is Henry. It is represented by L

L = V/ (I/t)

Where V is the voltage , I is the current and t is the time.

Newton is the unit of power

Force is the push or pull on an object. The SI unit of force is Newton. It is represented by N

Additional information:

Joule is the SI unit of energy or work. It is represented by j

Energy is the capacity for doing work. Energy can exist in various forms such as chemical , mechanical , thermal , or nuclear.

The SI unit of power is Watt. it is represented by W.

Power is the rate of doing work. It is the amount of energy converted per unit time.

Ostrade

Magnetic Intensity is used to measure magnetic fields.

It measures how strong or weak a magnetic field is. Magnetic Intensity is the magnetic moment flux per unit volume.

Its unit in the CGS system is Ostrade.

Additional information:

Weber is the unit of Magnetic Flux in CGS. Magnetic Flux is linked with electrical circuits. It is an electromotive force. It is represented by Wb.

Gauss is the unit of Magnetic Induction. Magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force across an electric conductor in changing magnetic fields. Gauss is represented by G.

Candela is the unit of luminous Intensity in the CGS system. It measures luminous power. Its symbol is cd.

Luminance

Luminance is used to measure the multiplicity of light intensity.

It is a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction.

Additional information:

Luminosity is an absolute measure of radiated electromagnetic energy per unit time.

Luminous emission of light by certain materials when they are relatively cool and wire heated by an electric current.

Weight-Cubic metre

The SI unit of weight is Kilogram.

A gram is a metric unit of weight.

Mass is also expressed in kilograms.

Additional information:

Cubic metre is the unit of volume.

Pressure is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed. The SI unit of pressure is Pascal.

Temperature determines the internal energy within a given system. Temperature is measured with a thermometer. The human body temperature is checked with a thermometer. The unit of temperature is degree Celsius. The numerical value of temperature expressed in Kelvin.

Energy

Electron - volt is a unit of Energy.

The amount of energy gained by the charge of a single electron moved across an electric potential difference of 1 volt is called Electron-volt.

it is represented by eV

Additional information:

The unit of power is Watt. Power is the rate of doing work.it is the amount of energy converted per unit time. Watt is equal to one joule per second.

The unit of current is Ampere. One ampere is equal to coulomb moving a point per second. Current is the flow of electric charge. One ampere of current represents one coulomb of electric charge. Current flows from positive point to negative point.

The unit of potential difference is volt.one volt is energy consumption of one joule per electric charge of one coulomb. One volt is the potential difference between two points when one joule of energy is consumed to move one coulomb of charge from one point to another.

Length

Parsec is a unit of length.

It is used to measure the large distance to astronomical objects outside the solar system.

It is also the unit of distance. It is represented by pc.

Additional information:

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It is represented by a. Its unit is m/s. Acceleration is a vector quantity. It has both magnitude and direction.

Speed is a scalar quantity. It has only magnitude but no direction. Its unit is m/s. It is the time rate at which an object is moving along a path.

The unit of time is second.

kelvin (K)

• Amount of substance of matter is the ratio between the number of elementary entities and the Avogadro constant.
• Its unit is mole.
• It is represented by mol.
• Additional information:
• Metre is the unit of length and distance. It is represented by m.
• Kelvin is the unit of temperature.it is represented by K. The other unit of temperature is degree Celsius.
• Candela is the unit of luminous intensity. It is represented by cd.

Joule per Kelvin

• Joule per Kelvin is the unit of Entropy.
• Entropy is a scientific concept that is most commonly associated with a state of disorder.
• Additional information:
• Watt per kelvin is the unit of thermal conductance. Thermal conductance is an ability to conduct heat. It is represented by C.
• Newton per kelvin is the unit of specific heat. It is a quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by one Celsius degree. It is represented by Q.
• Pascal per kelvin is a unit of Thomson coefficient.

Decibels

• Decibels is the unit of measuring intensity of sound.
• Intensity of sound is the sound waves per unit area in a direction perpendicular to that area.
• Its SI unit is watt per square metre.
• Additional information:
• Candela is the unit of luminous intensity.
• Ampere is the unit of current. One ampere is equal to the one coulomb moving past a point per second.
• Knots are units of speed. It is represented by kn.

Decibel

• Noise is measured in Decibels.
• It is used to measure intensity of sound.
• It is the amount of energy passing per unit area per unit time in a direction normal to the area.
• Intensity of sound is directly proportional to the square of amplitude of sound.
• Additional information:
• Watt is the unit of power. Power is the rate of doing work. Watt is represented by W. one watt is equal to one joule per second.
• Faraday is the unit of charge. Faraday constant is equal to one faraday per mole. Electrical charge causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. It can be created when electrons are removed from an object.
• Pascal is the unit of pressure. Pressure is the perpendicular force per unit area. One pascal is equal to one kilogram per metre per second square.

watt per metre square

• The SI unit of intensity of sound is watt per metre square.
• Intensity of sound is sound power per unit of area.
• It indicates the flow of sound.
• The basic unit of intensity of sound is Decibel.
• Additional information:
• Joule per metre square is a unit of surface tension.Surface tension is the tendency of liquid surface at rest to shrink into the minimum surface area.
• Newton per metre square is a unit of pressure. In pressure physical force exerted on an object. Pressure is defined as force per unit area. The basic unit of pressure is pascal.
• Tesla per metre square is the unit of magnetic induction. In magnetic induction, a magnetic substance acquires magnetic properties temporarily due to the presence of a magnet close to it. The basic unit of magnetic induction is Tesla.

I, III, IV and V

4 South American countries have a Pacific coastline: Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Columbia.

Additional information:

• 8 South American countries have a Pacific coastline: Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, Columbia.
• Columbia is the only South American country to have both Pacific and Atlantic coastlines.
• 2 South American countries are landlocked: Bolivia and Paraguay.