State of matter
- State of matter where kinetic energy exceeds the force of attraction and molecules move freely — Gas
- State of matter where intermolecular forces are strong and kinetic energy is low, resulting in fixed shape and volume — Solid.
- State of matter where intermolecular forces are moderate, allowing molecules to flow while maintaining a fixed volume — Liquid.
- State of matter where kinetic energy greatly exceeds intermolecular forces, allowing molecules to move freely and fill any container — Gas.
- State of matter where the kinetic energy is extremely high, ionizing the gas and creating a mixture of free electrons and ions — Plasma.
- State of matter where atoms are cooled to near absolute zero, causing them to occupy the same quantum state — Bose-Einstein Condensate.
- State of matter with disordered atomic arrangement and no definite melting point, yet retaining a rigid structure — Amorphous Solid.
- State of matter with a highly ordered atomic arrangement, forming a well-defined geometric lattice — Crystalline Solid.
- State of matter where liquid and gas phases merge, exhibiting properties of both while diffusing through materials — Supercritical Fluid.
- State of matter with properties between those of conventional liquids and solid crystals, often used in displays — Liquid Crystal.
- State of matter where certain materials exhibit zero electrical resistance at relatively high temperatures — High-Temperature Superconductor.
- Not a chemical change— Converting water into steam
- Irreversible change — Rolling a roti from dough and baking it
- Example of a chemical change —Burning of wood
- Scientists who discovered elements are made of unique atoms with different atomic masses— John Dalton
- Proposed in 1808 that compounds are formed by combining different elements — John Dalton
- Dalton's theory states atoms combine in whole number ratios to form compounds.
- 'Father of Modern Atomic Theory'—John Dalton
- Proposed that matter is composed of indivisible atoms — John Dalton
- Determines the molecular weight of fatty acids — Saponification Value
- Elemental composition of H₂SO₃ — 2.5% H, 39% S, 58.5% O
- Approximate atomic mass of hydrogen — 1
- Molecular mass of nitric acid — 63 u
- Smallest particle of an element capable of independent existence —Molecule
- Mass of a hydrogen atom compared to an electron —1837 times
- Example of a polar molecule —Water
- Volume occupied by one mole of an ideal gas at 273 K and 1 atm pressure — 22.4 liters
- Law stating equal volumes of gasses contain equal numbers of molecules at the same temperature and pressure — Avogadro's Law
- Mass of 2 moles of oxygen gas (atomic mass 16) —32 grams
- Mass of 4 moles of aluminum atoms — 108 grams
- Moles in 36 grams of water — 2
- Volume occupied by one mole of an ideal gas at 273 K and 1 atm pressure — 22.4 liters
- metalloids are Boron, Silicon, Antimony
- Substance insoluble in water — Chalk Powder
- Substance that can be separated by vapor distillation — Volatile substance
- A drop of food coloring spreading in water is an example of — Diffusion
- Example of a heterogeneous mixture — Suspension
- Process where the heavier component settles after adding water to the mixture —Sedimentation
- Not advisable process for separating components of a mixture — Winnowing
- Process of allowing particles in water to settle out under gravity — Sedimentation
- Change occurring when heating camphor — Solid to gas
- Process that changes liquids directly into gasses — Vaporization
- Factor decreasing the rate of vaporization — Humidity
- Process of snow and ice converting directly into vapor — Sublimation
- Transformation of a gas to liquid due to pressure or temperature change - Condensation
- Change from liquid to gas is called — Vaporization
- Essential Chemical Compounds in daily life : Formulas and their common name
S.No Common Name Chemical Name Chemical Formula 1 Baking powder Sodium Bicarbonate NaHCO3 2 Blue vitriol Copper sulphate cuSO4.XH2O 3 Bleaching Powder Calcium Oxychloride CaOcl2 4 Chloroform Trichloromethane CHCL3 5 Chalk (Marble) Calcium Carbonate CaC03 6 Caustic Potash Potassium Hydroxide KOH 7 Caustic Soda Sodium Hydroxide NaOH 8 Dry Ice Solid Carbon dioxide CO2 9 Epsom Magnesium Sulphate MgsO4 10 Gypsum Calcium Sulphate Caso4.2H2O 11 Green Vitriol Ferrous Sulphate FeSO4 12 Heavy water Deuterium Oxide D2o 13 Vinegar Acetic Acid CH3COOH 14 Washing soda Sodium Carbonate NaoCO3 15 Slaked lime calcium Hydroxide ca (OH)2 16 Potash Alum Potassium Aluminum Sulphate KAI(SO4)2.12H2O 17 Quick lime Calcium oxide CaO 18 Plaster of Paris Calcium Sulphate caS04.12H2OO 19 Mohr's Salt Ammonium Ferrous Sulphate (NH4)2 Fe(SO4)2.6H2O 20 White Vitriol Zinc Sulphate ZnSo4.7H2O 21 Marsh gas Methane CH4 22 Magnesia Magnesium Oxide MgO 23 Laughing Gas Nitrous Oxide N2O 24 Vermelium Mercuric Sulphide HgS 25 Sugar Sucrose C12H22O11 26 T.N. T Tri nitro toluene C7H5N3O6 27 Sans Silicon oxide SiO2
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